程序转弯和等待程序

前几个月有个机组问我,卡萨布兰卡的某个航图上,缺少程序转弯的导航数据库。航图是这样的。我当时说,这不是一个等待程序吗?机组说这是粗线,所以是程序转弯。如果是细线,那就是等待程序。(我工作那么多年,竟然没注意过这个细节。只能说隔行如隔山。)

可以看到,在这张航图上,SAK位置上有个程序转弯。

程序转弯就像空中的环岛,有既定的规则。但是机组发现,导航数据库里是这样编码的:

可见在SAK上是没有程序转弯的。我当时首先怀疑是,也许所有的程序转弯都没有编码。所以我找了另一个类似的程序,在普吉岛VTSP上。航图和编码是这样的:

可见在FI27的位置上增加了一个程序转弯。的确是有编码的。所以为什么卡萨布兰卡上没有编码呢?

Jeppesen的回复是:

As per ARINC 424 coding rules a Racetrack Approach Transition can only be coded if the Racetrack is based on either the FACF or FAF. Incase of the SAK Transition, NDB SAK is neither the FACF nor the FAF so it is not possible to code a Racetrack Transition in our NavData. Instead a Holding pattern has been coded in order to be able to capture this Transition at all.

我们的机组反馈,卡萨布兰卡的管制就说在SAK做不做程序转弯,随便机组做不做。外网的youtube上有些视频也说到,这种程序转弯,有时不是必须的,飞行员询问管制员就行了。而另一方面,航图上会在某些程序转弯的方向标明NoPT,代表从这个方向进入时,不用进行程序转弯。

Part61/Part141航校

Flight schools that operate under Part 141 of the FARs are strictly regulated by FAA, their flight and ground school courses must be FAA-approved. Students who learn better in a structured climate will choose a Part 141 school.

141部航校,严格受FAA管理,飞行课程和地面课程必须是批准的。

Instructors at a Part 61 school should operate from a syllabus, just as a Part 141 school, but they are not required to do so. Ground school is not required at a Part 61 school. If your life and work schedule do not fit into a relatively strict training regime,  Part 61 is for you.

61部航校,不要求严格按照培训大纲培训。可以没有地面课程。如果你的生活和工作时间无法保证连续的训练的话,可以选择61部航校。

The airplanes and instructors at both types of school must meet the same standards.

61部航校和141部航校的飞机、教员的安全水平都是一样的标准。

看来,我应该选择61部航校。